Taydula Khatun

 ( 1361 Deaths ) 

Taydula Khatun (Turki/Cuman language and ; died 1360) was the wife of Öz Beg Khan of the Golden Horde (), and possibly Nawruz Beg (1360). She was also the mother of the khans Tini Beg () and Jani Beg (), and the grandmother of Berdi Beg ().

The primary wife of her husband, she gained and retained a lasting importance during the reigns of her sons and grandson, and attempted to hold on to power by appointing the latter's successors.

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Name Her name is rendered variously in her own time as Ṭayṭughlī Ḫātūn (by Ibn Battuta), Thaythalu-Katon (by the Venice Doge Andrea Dandolo), and Taydula (by Russian sources and translations of Mongol documents).Zimonyi 2005: 305-307. It is rationalized and interpreted variously, too, as Tayd-oghli,Spuler 1943: 104, 111, 115, 238, 245. or more likely Tay-Tughuli, "having a foal tail (standard)," Pelliot 1949: 102-104. more comparable with the apparent form Tay-Dūla.Zimonyi 2005: 307.

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Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's description of Taydula Khatun According to Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, who visited the court in 1332, Taydula Khatun was the senior wife of Öz Beg, and the mother of his sons Tini Beg and Jani Beg, but not of his daughter It Küchüjük (Īt Kūjūjūk), who was born to an already deceased previous senior wife of Öz Beg's. Taydula is said to have been her husband's favorite, and he spent most of his nights with her. A rumor attributed this devotion to Taydula's supposed ability to recover her virginity after each coupling. Another rumor claimed that Taydula was descended from King Solomon.Gibb 1962: 486-487; see commentary of Zimonyi 2005: 307-309; Počekaev 2010: 103. Like the other wives of the khan, the principal wife is described as riding in a wagon drawn by silk-gilt-caparisoned horses, inside a tent being distinguished by a dome of silver, ornamented with gold or wood encrusted with gems, and attended by two ladies in waiting, six slave girls, and ten to fifteen pages. The khatun is distinguished by wearing the bughtāq headgear, a small crown decorated with jewels and surmounted by peacock feathers.Gibb 1962: 485-486.

At his audience with Taydula Khatun, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa found her sitting amid ten elderly ladies in waiting, before a group of fifty young slavegirls cleaning gold and silver salvers filled with cherries. Taydula Khatun was engaged in the same activity. Greeted by Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and given a recitation by one of his companions, she treated them to kumis and offered a delicate wooden bowl filled with it to Ibn Baṭṭūṭa by her own hand as a mark of high favor. She proceeded to ask many questions about her visitors' journey, before they departed to visit with the khan's secondary wives Kabak Khātūn daughter of Naghatay, Bayalūn Khātūn daughter of the Byzantine Empire, Andronikos III Palaiologos, and Urdujā Khātūn daughter of ʿĪsā Beg, and with his daughter It Küchüjük, wife of the same ʿĪsā Beg.Gibb 1962: 487-489. During a festival, Ibn Baṭṭūṭa describes Taydula Khatun sharing a cushion with her husband inside a large tent, surrounded by separately seated other royal wives and the khan's daughter and sons.Gibb 1962: 493-494.

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Political role following the death of Öz Beg After Öz Beg's death in 1341, Taydula's position of influence only increased: already the chief wife of the former khan, the current khan's mother commanded even more respect, and enjoyed extensive financial power, apparently amplified by her grateful son. She had her own revenue based, for example, on the taxes paid by Italian merchants and other foreigners.Počekaev 2010: 109-110; Doumenjou and Geevers 2018: 469. She also intervened decisively in politics. When Öz Beg died, his eldest son and designated successor Tini Beg was absent from court, residing in the lands of the recently suppressed Ulus of Orda Khan. Although he was duly recognized as khan, Taydula Khatun favored her younger son, Jani Beg, who perhaps acted as regent during his brother's absence, or had perhaps already been designated successor by their father himself. Jani Beg murdered one of his other brothers, Khiḑr Beg, for his ambitions. When Tini Beg was on his way back to court, perhaps fearing for Jani Beg, Taydula Khatun incited the emirs to murder Tini Beg, which they did at Saray-Jük in 1342. Jani Beg now became khan.Safargaliev 1960: 102-103; Seleznëv 2009: 167; Počekaev 2010: 109.

Taydula Khatun continued to exercise significant influence over Jani Beg, and her close cooperation with him led some foreign sources to conclude, erroneously, that she was his wife rather than his mother; there may also be some confusion between similarly named or titled royal women.Zimonyi 2005: 307; Počekaev 2010: 103, 108; Howorth 1880: 172, 178, 195 attributed Öz Beg's sons to another wife, and consequently assumed the Jani Beg had duly married his stepmother. She showed favor towards Christians and Christian institutions, and was already thanked for this by Pope Benedict XII in a letter dated 17 August 1340.Pelliot 1949: 102; Zimonyi 2005: 306. She is also mentioned in a letter of the Venetian Doge Andrea Dandolo to Jani Beg Khan.Pelliot 1949: 103; Zimonyi 2005: 306. Taydula also forbade the Russian princes from interfering with church justice, as shown in the diploma ( jarlig) issued to John, the bishop of Sarai, in 1347.

When Jani Beg began to tax the Christian clergy to raise revenues for his campaigns, Taydula Khatun issued diplomas (yarliks) granting tax exemptions for the Russian metropolitans Feognost and Aleksej on 26 September 1347, 4 February 1351, and 11 February 1354, as well as two other diplomas in Latin for Catholic clergy, from 1358.Howorth 1880: 173; Vásáry 1995: 482; Zimonyi 2005: 306; Seleznëv 2009: 167; Počekaev 2010: 113, 119. The Russian metropolitans often visited her and received gifts. The Russian chroniclers referred to her as "patroness of the Russian Church". In 1357, Taydula Khatun suffered from blindness, and Metropolitan Aleksej was summoned to cure her with his prayers. After some difficulty, his prayers and a sprinkling with holy water resulted in an apparent miracle, as Taydula recovered her sight.Howorth 1880: 178; Seleznëv 2009: 167. According to another interpretation of events, Aleksej's patient was actually the Khan Jani Beg himself, while Taydula's blindness was a cover story to conceal it.Počekaev 2010: 118.

When the new khan, Taydula's grandson Berdi Beg, seemed determined to exterminate his male kin, Taydula attempted to intercede for them, according to the Timurid dynasty historian Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"). She hoped to arouse his pity by approaching him with his 8-month-old brother in her arms, but Berdi Beg seized the baby from her hands and killed it by hurling it to the ground.Tizengauzen 2006: 255; Safargaliev 1960: 110; Seleznëv 2009: 167. The anecdote is unverifiable, but the purge is confirmed in other sources.Safargaliev 1960: 110; Judin 1992: 108. On the other hand, Taydula may have retained sufficient influence to ensure continued royal favor to the Russian metropolitan, Aleksej, and he was allowed to return home after Berdi Beg's accession.Howorth 1880: 179; Počekaev 2010: 119. She also helped reach a compromise in the dispute between the Venetians and the Khan (inherited from Jani Beg's reign) over the Venetians' treatment of subjects of the Khan captured in the seizure of a Genoa galley.Počekaev 2010: 116.

The death of Berdi Beg in 1359 left his grandmother Taydula Khatun the senior royal in a court apparently without a suitable male heir, and the subsequent rapid succession of khans is blamed on her intrigues.Safargaliev 1960: 113. According to Ötemiš-Ḥājjī, on the death of Berdi Beg, with the apparent extinction of the line of Batu Khan, son of Jochi, Taydula Khatun invited Khiḍr, a descendant of Shiban, son of Jochi, to take the throne.Judin 1992: 109; Howorth 1880: 195-196; Vásáry 2009: 381. Pleased with her choice, Taydula proposed that Khiḍr marry her. However, when he was dissuaded from doing so by an adviser, she caused the emirs to expel him and he returned home across the Ural River. Taydula next placed on the throne the pretended Kildi Beg, apparently a mistake in this tradition for the Qulpa of the more primary sources, but he was not accepted as a genuine and legitimate ruler.Judin 1992: 113; Počekaev 2010: 123 considers Taydula the main plotter that caused the destruction of Qulpa, who was killed with his sons. Taydula finally settled on a certain Bazarchi, a descendant of Tangqut, son of Jochi, as khan and husband.Judin 1992: 113. This may be the same person as the Nawruz Beg of the more primary sources.Gaev 2002: 18; Počekaev 2010: 123-124. Khiḍr, however, did not give up his ambitions and, supported by the vengeful son of an emir put to death by the new khan, gathered a force with which he marched on Sarai. In a battle before the city, he captured the khan and Taydula Khatun, and had them executed. Thus, in 1360, Khiḍr succeeded in becoming khan.Judin 1992: 113; Howorth 1880: 182, 196; Safargaliev 1960: 114; Seleznëv 2009: 167; Počekaev 2010: 123-124.

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Sources

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